Häxan is the Swedish word for “the witch“, and this is a 1922 silent horror essay film which was written and directed by Benjamin Christensen. It’s partly documentary, and partly dramatized scenes, all about witches and witchcraft and superstitions beginning from the Middle Ages through the 20th century. The film was produced by AB Svensk Filmindustri, but it was shot in Denmark in 1920-1921. It was the most expensive silent film ever made in Scandinavia, costing almost 2 million SEK (Swedish Kronor). And it shows, with its detailed set pieces and recreation of medieval scenes, and of course its lengthy production period. It received fairly positive reception, but of course the censors in several countries (Germany, France and the US) found it to be too graphic with its depictions of torture, nudity, sexual perversion, and of course the worst of all: anti-clericalism. How dare they, those blasphemers! The movie didn’t avoid the censors in Sweden either, there were a bunch of Evil Ed‘s even in the 1920’s. Before the censors authorized its release, they required numerous cuts: the scene of a hanged man’s finger being removed, the trampling of the cross during a witch’s sabbath, and several others. Fortunately, all of these scenes have since been restored to the film.
In 1968, Metro Pictures Corporation re-edited and re-released the film in the US, giving it the title Witchcraft Through the Ages. This version includes an English-language narration by William S. Burroughs. It is today considered an old masterpiece with its combination of documentary-style and narrative storytelling, with some very inventive and great visuals. Many different techniques are used here, including some stop motion animation scenes, puppetry, reverse motion and other special effects and creative makeup. Most of the film was even shot at night, which was almost unheard of at the time, but the director wanted the actors to be influenced by as dark and ominous a setting as possible to enhance their performances. The director himself even performed as Satan in this movie, and he honestly looked like he had a blast doing so. One of the old ladies playing a persecuted witch was discovered by the director when she was selling flowers on a street corner in Denmark, and she claimed she was the first Red Cross nurse in the country. When filming one of her scenes, she once turned to him and said “The Devil is real. I have seen him sitting at my bedside“. The director was so struck by this that he decided to include that anecdote into the film itself.
One of the best things with Häxan, is how it manages to blend the dark themes of superstition and human nature, with some dark humor and of course the very striking visuals. Despite a somewhat humorous undertone, it’s all told with a focus on the dark subjects at hand. Witches were executed for simply being different, looking ugly, being poor, and all kinds of other completely unfounded reasons which could lead people to spiral a small rumor into a massive paranoia. The poor “witches“ were often tortured to such an extent that they’d admit to anything just to make it stop. There are several scenes during a witch’s torture and execution that are, albeit not nearly as graphic as the torture-porn movies we are accustomed to these days, pretty unnerving stuff. Visually, Häxan is a treat with so many innovative special effects, makeup, costumes and whatnot. There’s witches, possessed nuns, torture scenes, grave robbing, a Satanic sabbath where the witches are trampling the cross and kissing the devil’s behind, and…oh my, no wonder it got whacked by the censors!
Häxan is without a doubt a film that was ahead of its time, with its libertarian undertones. And while the movie condemns the practices during the Middle Ages and how superstition makes people treat others horribly, the film also wraps it up excellently by pointing out the parallels to modern day (which, at the time, was the 1920’s of course). It is easy to sit and laugh at how people were afraid of witches and wanted to have them executed in hopes of protecting themselves from evil, but similar misconceptions, beliefs, practices and fears can make people treat others horribly even to this day, despite how much more “enlightened“ we have become. They may have feared witches in the Middle Ages, but there will always be “witches“ for each era we live in, someone to place blame and hatred towards. This is something that will never get better, because humans will always be filled with fear, and too many of us need something to pin those fears on, despite how unfounded they may be.
Writers and director: Benjamin Christensen
Country & year: Sweden/Denmark, 1922
Also known as: Witchcraft Through the Ages
Actors: Maren Pedersen, Clara Pontoppidan, Elith Pio, Oscar Stribolt, Tora Teje, John Andersen, Benjamin Christensen, Poul Reumert, Karen Winther, Kate Fabian, Else Vermehren, Astrid Holm
IMDb: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0013257/
